TOEFL

SEJARAH TOEFL

TOEFL adalah singkatan dari Test Of English as a Foreign language. TOEFL merupakan sebuah test yang digunakan untuk mengetahui kemampuan seseorang dalam berbahasa Inggris. Test TOEFL berawal dari sebuah proyek ferguson yang digunakan untuk mengukur kemampuan bahasa pegawai pemerintah dan mahasiswa. Sejak tahun 1960-an, tes TOEFL dikelola oleh Educational Testing Service (ETS), sebuah organisasi standar-pengujian internasional. 

Tes TOEFL adalah merek dagang terdaftar dari Educational Testing Service (ETS) dan diberikan di seluruh dunia. Tes ini pertama kali diberikan pada tahun 1964 dan sejak itu telah diambil oleh lebih dari 23 juta siswa.

Jenis tes bahasa Inggris TOEFL ini pada umumnya diperlukan untuk persyaratan masuk kuliah pada hampir semua universitas di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada baik untuk program undergraduate (S-1) maupun graduate (S-2 atau S-3). Hasil tes TOEFL ini juga dipakai sebagai bahan pertimbangan mengenai kemampuan bahasa Inggris dari calon mahasiswa yang mendaftar ke universitas di negara lain, termasuk universitas di Eropa dan Australia. Secara umum, tes TOEFL lebih berorientasi kepada American English, dan sedikit berbeda dengan jenis tes IELTS yang berorientasi kepada British English. Tidak seperti tes IELTS, tes TOEFL ini pada umumnya tidak mempunyai bagian individual interview test.

Biasanya tes ini memakan waktu sekitar tiga jam dan diselenggarakan dalam 4 bagian, yaitu bagian:

• listening comprehension,
• grammar structure and written expression,
• reading comprehension, dan bagian
• writing.

Nilai hasil ujian TOEFL berkisar antara: 310 (nilai minimum) sampai 677 (nilai maximum) untuk versi PBT (paper-based test).

 

Tes ini awalnya dikembangkan di Pusat Linguistik Terapan dipimpin oleh ahli bahasa, Dr Charles A. Ferguson. Berbasis di Washington, DC, Pusat Linguistik Terapan (CAL) adalah sebuah organisasi nirlaba yang berkomitmen untuk meneliti hubungan antara bahasa dan budaya. Didirikan pada tahun 1959, direktur pertama adalah Charles A. Ferguson yang pernah diberikan program serupa di Timur Tengah di tahun 1921-1998 dan mengajar sebagai profesor di Universitas Harvard. Ferguson dipandu untuk mengembangkan solusi praktis untuk penerapan bahasa dan keprihatinan keaksaraan pemerintah internasional dan nasional.

Proyek awal Ferguson adalah untuk mengembangkan tes yang akan mengukur kemampuan berbahasa dimana bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa kedua kepada mahasiswa dan pegawai pemerintah. Ferguson dan peneliti linguistik mengembangkan tes TOEFL selama lima tahun pertama.

Sejak akhir 1960-an, tes TOEFL telah dikelola oleh Educational Testing Service (ETS), sebuah lembaga standar pengujian internasional. Antara tahun 1964-2008, sebanyak 24 juta orang yang sebagian besar siswa internasional telah mengambil tes TOEFL.

Test TOEFL terdiri dari test membaca, menulis, mendengarkan dan berbicara. Dulu test TOEFL hanya berbasis tes kertas dan tes komputer, namun sejak tahun 2005 tes TOEFL beralih menjadi test berbasis internet yaitu TOEFL iBT.

TUJUAN TEST TOEFL

TOEFL memiliki dua tujuan umum yaitu: Academic dan General. Dalam bentuk yang sama, sertifikasi rekomendasi TOEFL bisa gunakan untuk kedua hal tadi. Academic adalah menggunakan test untuk tujuan pendidikan, penelitian atau yang berhubungan dengan kegiatan akademis di luar negeri, ataupun di Indonesia. Untuk paska sarjana, biasanya nilai minimal adalah 550. sedangkan untuk S1 adalah 500 General pada umumnya digunakan untuk tujuan pekerjaan, kenaikan pangkat atau tugas kerja. Banyak perusahaan yang memasang standar bahasa inggris karyawannya dengan melihat nilai TOEFL – nya. Umumnya, nilai TOEFL minimal adalah 500 untuk kenaikan pangkat standar. Kisaran nilai TOEFL rata – rata orang indonesia dengan jenjang pendidikan minimal S1 sangat fluktuatif. Bahkan ada beberapa yang tidak mengetahui apa dan untuk apa itu TOEFL (mereka membaca dengan : ”tufl”). Tidak demikian dengan para pengambil jurusan bahasa inggris semasa kuliah. Minimalmereka tahu, apa itu TOEFL. Meski demikian, nilai TOEFL seorang mahasiswa atau lulusan jurusan bahasa inggris sekalipun tidak menjamin tinggi. Pada beberapa kalicase recruiment, saya mendapati beberapa applicant mendapatkan nilai TOEFL 300, padahal di lamarannya, yang bersangkutan adalah alumni sebuah ABA (Akademi Bahasa Asing). Sedangkan secara umum, fluktuasi nilai TOEFL rata – ratanya berkisar antara 300 sampai 600.

Sumber:

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOEFL

http://sunarnie.blogspot.com/2012/04/sejarah-dan-tujuan-toefl-di-indonesia.html

TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS

Excercise 21: Conditional Sentences

1. Henry talks to his dog as if it could (understand) him.
2. If they had left the house earlier, they wouldn't (be; negative) so late getting to the airport that they could not check their baggage.
3. If I finish the dress before Saturday, I would (give) it to my sister for her birthday.
4. If I had seen the movie, I would (tell) you about it last night.
5. Had Bob not interfered in his sister's material problems, there could be peace between them.
6. He would give you the money if he might (have) it.
7. I wish they would (stop) making so much noise so that I could concentrate.
8. She would call you immediately if she might (need) help.
9. Had they arrived at the sale early, they would (fine) a better selection.
10. We hope that you could (enjoy) the party last night.
11. If you have enough time, please might ( paint) the chair before you leave.
12. We could go for a drive if today were (be) saturday.
13. If she wins the prize, it will be because she had (write) very well
14. Mike wished taht the editors could  (permit) him to copy some of their material.
15. Joel wishes that he could (spend) his vocation on the gulf coast. next year.
16. I would (accept) if they invite me to the party.
17. If you mother might (buy) that car for you, will you be happy?
18. If he had (decide) earlier, he could have left on the afternoon flight.
19. Had we known your address, we could (write) you a latter.
20. If the roofer doesn't come soon, the rain would (leak) inside.
21. Because Rose did so poorly on the axam, she wishes that she could (study) harder last night.
22. My dog always wakes me up if he could (hear) strange noises.
23. If you might (see) mary today, please ask her to call me.
24. If he would (get) the raise, it will be because he does a good job.
25. The teacher will not accept our work if we had (turn) it in late.
26. Mrs. Wood always talks to her tenth-grade students as though they were (be) adult.
27. If he had left already, he might (call) us.
28. If they had known him, they could (talk) to him.
29. He would understand it if you could (explaint) it to him more slowly.
30. I could understand the french teacher if she migh (speak) more slowly

Exercise 26: Adjective and Adverb

1. Rita plays the violin well.
2. That is an intensely novel.
3. The sun is shining brightly.
4. The girls speak fluent  French.
5. The boys speak Spanish fluently.
6. The table has a smoothly surfacc.
7. We must figure our income tax return accurate.
8. We don't like to drink bitter tea.
9. The plane will arrive soon.
10. He had an accident because he was driving too fast.

Exercise 27: Linking (Copulative) Verbs 

Circle the correct form in parentheses.

1. Your cold sounds terrible.
2. The pianist plays very good.
3. The food in the restaurant always tastes good.
4. The campers remained calm despite the thunderstorm.
5. They became sick after eating the contaminated food.
6. Professor Calandra looked quickly at the students sketches.
7. Paco was working diligent on the project.
8. Paul protcsted vehement about the new proposals.
9. Our neighbors appeared relaxed after their vacation.
10. The music sounded too noisy to be classical.

Exercise 28: Comparisons

Supply the correct form of the adjectives and adverbs in parentheses. Let as and than be your clues. Add any other words that may be necessary.

1. John and his friends left as (soon) as the professor had finished his lecture.
2. His job is more (important) than his friend's.
3. He plays the guitar as (well) as Andres Segovia.
4. A new house is much more (expensive) than an older one.
5. Last week was as (hot) as this week.
6. Martha is more (talented) than her cousin.
7. Bill's descriptions are more (colorful) than his wife's.
8. Nobody is more (happy) than Maria Elena.
9. The boys felt so (bad) than the girls about losing the game.
10. A greyhound runs more (fast) than a Chihuahua.

 
Exercise 29: Comparisons

Supply than,as,or from in each of the following sentences.

1. The Empire State Building is taller than the Statue of Liberty.
2. California is farther from New York than pennsylvania.
3. His assignment is different from mine.
4. Louise reads more quickly  than his sisters.
5. No animal is so big than King Kong.
6. That report is less impressive than the government's
7. Sam wears the same shirt as his teammates.
8. Dave paints much more realistically than his professor.
9. The twins have less money at the end of the month more they have at the beginning.
10. Her sports car is different from Nancy's. 

Exercise 30: Comparisons

Select the correct form in parentheses in the following sentences.

1. Of the four dresses, I like the red one better.
2. Phil is the happiest person that we know.
3. Pat's car is faster than Dan's.
4. This is the creamiest ice cream i have had in a long time.
5. This poster is more colorful than the one in the hall.
6. Does fred feel better today than he did yesterday?
7. This vegetable soup tastes very good.
8. While trying to balance the baskets on her head, the woman walked more awkwardly than her daughter.
9. Janse is the less athletic of all the women.
10. My cat is the prettiest of the two.
11. This summary is the best of the pair.
12. Your heritage is different from mine.
13. This painting is least impressive than the one in the other gallery.
14. The colder the weather gets, the sicker I feel.
15. No sooner had he received the letter than he called Maria.
16. A mink coat costs twice as much as a sable coat.
17. Jim has as little opportunities to play tennis as I.
18. That recipe calls for much more sugar than mine does.
19. The museum is the farthest away of the three buildings.
20. George Washington is more famous than John Jay.